Take the following code (usable as a Console Application):
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int i = 0;
i += i++;
Console.WriteLine(i);
Console.ReadLine();
}
The result of i
is 0. I expected 2 (as some of my colleagues did). Probably the compiler creates some sort of structure that results in i
being zero.
The reason I expected 2 is that, in my line of thought, the right hand statement would be evaluated first, incrementing i with 1. Than it is added to i. Since i is already 1, it is adding 1 to 1. So 1 + 1 = 2. Obviously this is not what's happening.
Can you explain what the compiler does or what happens at runtime? Why is the result zero?
Some-sort-of-disclaimer: I'm absolutely aware you won't (and probably shouldn't) use this code. I know I never will. Nevertheless, I find it is interesting to know why it acts in such a way and what is happening exactly.
Answer
This:
int i = 0;
i += i++
Can be seen as you doing (the following is a gross oversimplification):
int i = 0;
i = i + i; // i=0 because the ++ is a postfix operator and hasn't been executed
i + 1; // Note that you are discarding the calculation result
What actually happens is more involved than that - take a look at MSDN, 7.5.9 Postfix increment and decrement operators:
The run-time processing of a postfix increment or decrement operation of the form x++ or x-- consists of the following steps:
If x is classified as a variable:
- x is evaluated to produce the variable.
- The value of x is saved.
- The selected operator is invoked with the saved value of x as its argument.
- The value returned by the operator is stored in the location given by the evaluation of x.
- The saved value of x becomes the result of the operation.
Note that due to order of precedence, the postfix ++
occurs before +=
, but the result ends up being unused (as the previous value of i
is used).
A more thorough decomposition of i += i++
to the parts it is made of requires one to know that both +=
and ++
are not atomic (that is, neither one is a single operation), even if they look like they are. The way these are implemented involve temporary variables, copies of i
before the operations take place - one for each operation. (I will use the names iAdd
and iAssign
for the temporary variables used for ++
and +=
respectively).
So, a closer approximation to what is happening would be:
int i = 0;
int iAdd = i; // Copy of the current value of i, for ++
int iAssign = i; // Copy of the current value of i, for +=
i = i + 1; // i++ - Happens before += due to order of precedence
i = iAdd + iAssign;
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