c# - When NOT to use yield (return)

This question already has an answer here:
Is there ever a reason to not use 'yield return' when returning an IEnumerable?

There are several useful questions here on SO about the benefits of yield return. For example,

I'm looking for thoughts on when NOT to use yield return. For example, if I expect to need to return all items in a collection, it doesn't seem like yield would be useful, right?

What are the cases where use of yield will be limiting, unnecessary, get me into trouble, or otherwise should be avoided?

Answer

What are the cases where use of yield will be limiting, unnecessary, get me into trouble, or otherwise should be avoided?

It's a good idea to think carefully about your use of "yield return" when dealing with recursively defined structures. For example, I often see this:

public static IEnumerable PreorderTraversal(Tree root)
{
    if (root == null) yield break;
    yield return root.Value;
    foreach(T item in PreorderTraversal(root.Left))
        yield return item;

    foreach(T item in PreorderTraversal(root.Right))
        yield return item;
}

Perfectly sensible-looking code, but it has performance problems. Suppose the tree is h deep. Then there will at most points be O(h) nested iterators built. Calling "MoveNext" on the outer iterator will then make O(h) nested calls to MoveNext. Since it does this O(n) times for a tree with n items, that makes the algorithm O(hn). And since the height of a binary tree is lg n <= h <= n, that means that the algorithm is at best O(n lg n) and at worst O(n^2) in time, and best case O(lg n) and worse case O(n) in stack space. It is O(h) in heap space because each enumerator is allocated on the heap. (On implementations of C# I'm aware of; a conforming implementation might have other stack or heap space characteristics.)

But iterating a tree can be O(n) in time and O(1) in stack space. You can write this instead like:

public static IEnumerable PreorderTraversal(Tree root)

{
    var stack = new Stack>();
    stack.Push(root);
    while (stack.Count != 0)
    {
        var current = stack.Pop();
        if (current == null) continue;
        yield return current.Value;
        stack.Push(current.Left);
        stack.Push(current.Right);

    }
}

which still uses yield return, but is much smarter about it. Now we are O(n) in time and O(h) in heap space, and O(1) in stack space.

Further reading: see Wes Dyer's article on the subject:

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/wesdyer/archive/2007/03/23/all-about-iterators.aspx